RESEARCH REPORT ON THE USE OF STARLINK SATELLITE INTERNET ON SHIPS AND COMPARISON WITH OTHER INTERNET CONNECTION OPTIONS

1. Introduction 

In the modern maritime context, internet connectivity on ships has become a key factor, far beyond the role of a conventional utility. An increasing number of onboard applications and activities require a high-speed and stable internet connection to support operational efficiency, enhance maritime safety, and enhance crew and passenger satisfaction on cruise ships. Advanced fleet management systems, remote monitoring of shipboard equipment, and the need for constant ship-shore communication all depend on a strong internet connection. The reliance on real-time data for maritime operations is increasing, making internet connectivity an indispensable factor instead of an option. 

Among the internet connectivity solutions for ships, the Starlink broadband satellite internet service, developed by SpaceX, has emerged as a promising option. Starlink relies on a network of thousands of small satellites flying in low Earth orbit (LEO) to provide high-speed, low-latency connectivity across the globe5. Besides Starlink, traditional connectivity solutions such as Inmarsat and VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) still play an important role in the maritime industry. Inmarsat is a global satellite mobile communications service provider, relying primarily on geostationary (GEO) satellites. Inmarsat’s main services include FleetBroadband and Fleet Xpress, which offer different connectivity options for vessels. VSAT is a technology that uses small onboard antennas to communicate with satellites, usually GEO satellites, to provide internet connectivity and other communication services 6. 

A fundamental difference between Starlink and traditional solutions lies in the orbit of the satellites. Starlink’s LEO satellites operate at much lower altitudes than Inmarsat’s GEO satellites and VSAT. This difference has a significant effect on the latency and coverage of each solution, bringing distinct pros and cons. LEO satellites, due to their proximity to Earth, typically offer lower latency, which is especially important for applications that require fast response, such as video calling and online gaming. However, to ensure continuous global coverage, LEO systems require a larger number of satellites than GEO systems. In contrast, GEO satellites, which operate at greater altitudes, can provide wider coverage with fewer satellites, but the latency will be higher because the signal distance must travel further. 

This report was conducted with the goal of evaluating Starlink’s capabilities as an effective internet connectivity solution for ships, and comparing it with existing solutions such as Inmarsat and VSAT on important aspects such as coverage, data transmission speed, etc delays, and costs. The report will also analyze the pros and cons of each solution when used in a marine environment, considering factors such as reliability in different weather conditions, hardware and installation requirements, and scalability. Finally, the report will consider other factors that are necessary when choosing the right internet solution for ships, thereby concluding the efficiency and feasibility of using Starlink compared to other options. 

2. Starlink Satellite Internet Service for Ships 

Starlink provides satellite internet coverage across oceans and waterways worldwide, including international waters 3. With a network of thousands of small satellites flying in low Earth orbit, Starlink ensures connectivity in areas where traditional services are difficult. However, the use of Starlink in the waters within a country’s territorial waters may be subject to local government approval 5. To use Starlink in international waters, users need to subscribe to a Global Priority data plan, which gives access to Starlink’s highest-speed network on both land and sea13. A detailed map of Starlink’s current and projected coverage can be found on their official website 14. On this map, ocean areas are usually marked in black, unless they are marked as “Available”, “Waitlist”, or “Coming Soon” 12. Although Starlink claims global coverage, it should be noted that actual availability and performance may vary depending on the specific location and density of satellites in that area 15. The density of the LEO satellite network can vary by region, thus affecting the speed and stability of the connection. Areas that are far away from or near the poles may have different coverage or performance than other parts of the world. 

In terms of specifications, Starlink Maritime offers impressive download speeds, typically ranging from 25 to 220 Mbps, with the majority of users experiencing speeds above 100 Mbps. In particular, the Maritime service can reach download speeds of up to 350 Mbps, allowing for bandwidth-intensive activities such as video calls, streaming, and transferring high-capacity data smoothly. Starlink upload speeds typically range from 5 to 20 Mbps. One of the outstanding advantages of Starlink is its low latency. On land, the latency is typically only between 25 and 60 ms. However, in remote locations such as the ocean, latency can be higher, usually over 100 ms8. Despite this, some sources suggest that the latency for the Maritime service may be lower, less than 99 ms. Compared to traditional satellite services, Starlink is vastly superior in both speed and latency. Starlink’s low latency is almost equivalent to the speed of fiber optic internet and 5G, and significantly lower than that of GEO satellites (typically over 600 ms)7. This allows real-time applications to perform much better at sea than traditional satellite solutions. 

The cost of the Starlink Maritime service includes the cost of equipment and the monthly service fee. The Maritime plan offers a variety of options based on Global Priority data capacity, including 50GB for $250/month, 500GB for $650/month, 1TB for $1150/month, 2TB for $2150/month, and 5TB for $5150/month. The cost for Flat High Performance antenna equipment, which is specifically designed for marine environments, is about $2500. In addition, there are Pro Bundle plans that may include additional equipment such as 5G routers and MIMO antennas, with a higher total cost, for example, the Starlink Maritime Pro Bundle, which costs $5594. In addition to the Maritime packages, Starlink also offers Roam (Mobile) packages that can be used in nearshore waters and inland waterways at a lower cost, ranging from $50 to $165 per month. However, these packages are not optimized for use in international waters. Overall, Starlink’s Maritime service costs can be quite high, especially for high-capacity plans, but it offers better speed and latency than traditional solutions. The initial equipment cost is also an important factor to consider when choosing Starlink. Choosing the right package will depend on the specific data needs of the vessel and the available budget. 

Starlink’s reliability and performance under various weather conditions is an important factor for marine users. Starlink has been designed to be able to operate stably in extreme weather conditions, including extreme temperatures, snow, heavy rain, and storm winds. The Flat High Performance antenna is specially designed for marine environments, is weatherproof, and ensures a stable connection even in rough seas. Even so, in extreme weather cases such as heavy rain or strong winds, the connection speed may be temporarily affected or a loss of connection may occur with a small probability of 15. Another advantage of Starlink is the ability to melt snow on the antenna, which helps prevent service degradation in winter conditions. In fact, Starlink is being used to transmit high-quality video of SpaceX’s rocket landings at sea, demonstrating its ability to maintain a continuous connection in extreme conditions. 

Starlink’s hardware requirements and installation process are quite simple. The Starlink Kit comes with everything needed to establish an internet connection, including an antenna, Wi-Fi router, and the necessary cables. The Flat High Performance Antenna is designed for fixed installation on board and comes with an easy-to-install bracket (Wedge Mount). Users can integrate Starlink with existing networks on board via a direct Ethernet connection or use the included Wi-Fi router. To determine the best installation location on board, users can use the Starlink app, which will help evaluate obstacles that may affect the signal. For best performance,  Starlink antenna needs to have an unobstructed view of the sky. Although the installation procedure is quite simple, for larger vessels or complex structures, the use of professional installation services may be recommended to ensure optimal performance. 

In terms of fleet scalability and management, Starlink offers tools that allow users to manage and monitor their fleet remotely through a single portal. The service also integrates end-to-end encryption to protect data and ensure user privacy. In case of need, users can connect multiple Starlink devices to a single network using a third-party router. This allows for load balancing, traffic shaping, and establishing failover, enhancing the reliability of the connection. The centralized management capabilities and data security features that Starlink offers are important advantages for multi-vessel operators, helping them optimize operations, improve safety, and reduce costs. 

3. Existing Internet Connectivity Solutions for Ships 

Inmarsat is a global satellite mobile communications service provider with extensive coverage. Inmarsat’s FleetBroadband service uses the L-band, which provides near-global coverage, with the exception of pole zones. This gives a great advantage to operations in remote areas  , where other solutions may not be available. Inmarsat also offers the Fleet Xpress service, which combines the Ka band for higher speeds and the backup L band to ensure a continuous connection even if the Ka band is blocked. The geostationary satellites (GEOs) that Inmarsat uses are located in a fixed position on the equator, providing vast coverage with a relatively small number of satellites. 

In terms of specifications, Inmarsat FleetBroadband offers a maximum speed of 150 kbps to 432 kbps depending on the service plan (FB150/FB250/FB500). Some plans can reach speeds of up to 384 kbps. Meanwhile, Fleet Xpress offers download speeds of up to 50 Mbps and upload speeds of up to 10 Mbps when using the Ka 10 band. However, due to the use of GEO satellites, Inmarsat’s latency is typically higher than that of Starlink. The latency of FleetBroadband and other GEO-based services is typically around 250 ms or more, or even up to 500-1000 ms for services that use the L32 band. This high latency can affect the performance of applications that require fast response such as video calling and online gaming. 

The cost for Inmarsat includes the cost of equipment and various service packages. Equipment costs for Inmarsat FleetBroadband can range from $4,000 to $16,000. FleetBroadband plans come in a variety of storage levels, ranging from 25MB to 20GB per month, with prices ranging from around $483 to $3681 for a monthly plan. It’s worth noting that the cost per MB of data in excess of the space included in the plan can be very high. The Fleet Xpress service, with its higher speeds, typically has higher equipment and service costs than FleetBroadband. Inmarsat’s pricing model is based on the amount of data used and overhead, which may not be suitable for users with large data needs. 

VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) is another satellite internet connectivity technology that is widely used in the maritime industry. VSAT typically uses GEO satellites, which provide global coverage except for areas near pole. VSAT systems can operate on a variety of bands, including Ku-band and C-band. In addition, some modern VSAT systems also use Ka-band to provide speeds higher than. The use of GEO satellites ensures stable coverage for traditional maritime routes. 

In terms of specifications, the speed of VSAT systems can range from 1 Mbps to 50 Mbps, depending on the service plan and system configuration. The higher-end plans may offer higher speeds. However, like Inmarsat, due to the use of GEO satellites, VSAT latency is typically high, typically 600 ms or more. This high latency can be a significant disadvantage for applications that require fast responses. 

The cost of VSAT systems is usually higher than that of Starlink and Inmarsat. The initial equipment cost for a VSAT system can range from $10,000 to $50,000, depending on the type of system, antenna size, and other features. Systems that use larger C-band antennas typically cost significantly more. Monthly service costs for VSAT are also typically high, which can range from $500 to $25,000, depending on bandwidth and data usage. Some VSAT service providers offer unlimited plans or 10 fixed capacity plans. The high cost of VSAT can be a barrier for smaller vessels or vessels with limited budgets. 

4. Live Comparison of Starlink, Inmarsat, and VSAT 

For a clearer view of the differences between Starlink, Inmarsat, and VSAT, the following comparison table summarizes the key specifications of each solution: 

The cost comparison table below provides information on initial equipment costs and monthly service costs for different usages: 

 

Based on this comparison, Starlink stands out for its significantly higher data transfer speeds and lower latency than both Inmarsat and VSAT. This makes Starlink an attractive option for applications that require high bandwidth and low latency. In terms of cost, the initial equipment cost of Starlink may be lower than that of VSAT but higher than that of Inmarsat. Starlink’s monthly service costs may be competitive or higher depending on specific data usage. Inmarsat offers proven global coverage and reliability, but speeds can be limited, especially with FleetBroadband, and costs can be high, especially when exceeding packet capacity. VSAT is a mature solution with extensive coverage, but often has the highest cost and the greatest latency of these three options. Therefore, choosing the best solution will depend on the specific needs, budget, and type of operation of the vessel. 

5. Case Studies and Actual Reports on Starlink on Different Types of Ships 

The deployment and use of Starlink satellite internet on different types of ships is becoming increasingly popular, with many case studies and practical reports proving its effectiveness. 

On cargo ships, the Starlink Mini has proven to be a critical tool, providing a constant and reliable connection even in the middle of the ocean. This allows for real-time weather updates, access to critical maritime data, and maintaining constant communication with onshore operations,  thereby significantly improving safety and operational efficiency. Many major shipping companies have deployed Starlink across their entire fleet as a critical step to address connectivity challenges for their global and mobile workforce. Not only does this support the safety and well-being of seafarers by allowing them to stay in touch with family and friends, but it also opens up opportunities to develop new solutions that were previously not technically and financially feasible. 

In the field of cruise ships, Starlink is revolutionizing the internet experience for passengers. Many major cruise lines have equipped Starlink across their entire fleet to provide high-quality Wi-Fi, supporting activities such as video streaming, online gaming, and video calling smoothly around the world. The low-latency bandwidth that Starlink offers not only makes it easy for passengers to share memorable moments, but also allows shipping lines to introduce new services and features to customers. Furthermore, Starlink also improves the ship’s operational functions, such as monitoring onboard equipment and real-time communication between the ship and the crews on shore. 

For fishing vessels, Starlink is becoming an increasingly important tool. It helps to optimize catch production by providing the ability to identify the best fishing locations and navigate based on up-to-date weather information. Starlink also allows fishermen to maintain contact with other vessels and with shore. Some fishermen have used Starlink Roam packages on their boats to get a reliable internet connection in the waters near shore. A case study has shown that combining Starlink with the Peplink solution has significantly enhanced the connectivity of a fishing vessel, allowing for seamless communication with regulatory agencies and relatives on shore. 

In addition, Starlink is also deployed on many other types of ships. Starlink Maritime service is specifically designed for vessels such as yachts and rigs, providing broadband internet with low latency. Luxury yachts have turned to Starlink to get high-speed connectivity, enabling real-time data and information transmission, enhancing the experience for 40 passengers and crew  members. On the research vessels, Starlink allows scientists to transmit collected data, upload images and videos, perform real-time analysis, and maintain communication from remote areas around the world. These examples show that Starlink is meeting the diverse connectivity needs of a variety of ships, from commercial and operational purposes to entertainment and scientific research. 

6. Analyze the Pros and Cons of Each Solution 

When considering the choice of an internet solution for ships, it is important to analyze the pros and cons of each technology. 

Starlink: 

• Pros: Starlink stands out for its high data transfer speed and low latency, which is superior to traditional satellite solutions. Starlink’s global coverage is expanding rapidly, including international waters. Starlink equipment is designed to operate in harsh environments, withstanding various weather conditions. The installation process is relatively simple, and Starlink offers remote fleet management tools as well as data security. In terms of service costs, Starlink can be more competitive than VSAT. 

• Cons: The  initial equipment cost of Starlink, especially the Flat High Performance antenna, can be as high as. For best performance, the Starlink antenna needs to have an unobstructed view of the sky, which can sometimes be difficult on a 5-ship  ship. Starlink’s performance can be affected by extreme weather such as heavy rain or strong winds. Service availability may be limited to certain areas. Currently, Starlink is not compatible with GMDSS (Global Maritime Safety and Rescue System). Lower-cost Roam packages may not be suitable for use in international waters. 

Inmarsat: 

• Pros: Inmarsat has proven and extensive global coverage, especially with the L8 band. It is a reliable and established technology in the maritime industry. Inmarsat has an extensive network of technical support and service infrastructure worldwide. Inmarsat’s Fleet Xpress service offers higher speeds than FleetBroadband. An important advantage is that Inmarsat is generally compatible with GMDSS, a mandatory requirement for a wide range of commercial vessels. 

• Cons: The  speed of FleetBroadband may be limited for applications that require large bandwidths. The high latency due to Inmarsat’s primarily use of GEO satellites is a significant drawback. The cost of Inmarsat’s services can be high, especially when users exceed the data capacity in their plan. The initial equipment cost for Inmarsat systems can also be quite high. 

VSAT: 

• Advantages: VSAT provides extensive global coverage and is a mature solution in the marine industry. There are various options in terms of bandwidth and plans to meet the diverse needs of 10 users. VSAT is a reliable technology and has been in use for many years. 

• Cons: Latency is the biggest drawback of VSAT due to its use of the GEO 7 satellite. The initial equipment cost for VSAT systems is often very high, which can run into tens of thousands of dollars. The monthly service cost for VSAT is also generally higher than that of both Starlink and Inmarsat. The performance of the VSAT can be affected by bad weather conditions. Finally, the installation and maintenance of VSAT systems is often more complex than that of Starlink. 

7. Evolving Trends of the Satellite Internet Market for the Maritime Industry and the Potential Role of Starlink 

The satellite internet market for the marine industry is experiencing significant growth, driven by the growing demand for global connectivity, advancements in satellite technology, and the rise of applications that require massive bandwidth at sea. Forecasts show that this market will continue to expand in the coming years, with a projected size of $42 billion. This growth is driven by a variety of factors, including an increase in maritime trade, the need for greater operational efficiency, an emphasis on seafarer welfare, and increasingly stringent regulations on maritime safety and security. 

One of the most important trends in this market is the rise of  a network of small satellites flying in low Earth orbit (LEO) such as Starlink. LEO systems are revolutionizing the market by providing significantly higher data transfer rates and lower latency than traditional systems using geostationary satellites (GEO) 6. The low latency that LEO offers allows applications that require large bandwidth and fast response to operate more efficiently at sea,  opening up new possibilities for maritime operations. Besides Starlink, other companies such as OneWeb are also entering the LEO market, creating a vibrant competitive environment and giving more options to 32 users. 

Against this backdrop, Starlink has quickly established itself as a strong competitor in the maritime connectivity market. Despite being a relatively new player, Starlink has gained significant market share thanks to the high speeds and low latency that their service provides. Estimates suggest that Starlink has taken about 25% of the market share among satellite-connected ships in less than two years. However, Inmarsat still maintains a large market share, especially among large commercial fleets, thanks to its proven performance and comprehensive support service network it offers. VSAT is still a popular choice for many ships, but it will likely lose ground due to its higher cost and greater latency than Starlink. The rapid market acceptance of Starlink shows the great demand for high-speed internet connectivity and low latency at sea, and Starlink has great potential to play an important role in the future of this market. 

8. Factors to Consider When Choosing an Internet Solution for Ships 

When choosing the right internet solution for a ship, there are many factors that need to be carefully considered to ensure that the final choice meets the specific needs of the ship and fits within the budget. 

One of the most important factors is the ship’s demand for data. This includes determining the amount of data required for the ship’s day-to-day operations, such as managing operations, communicating between the ship and shore,  entertaining crew members, and providing services to passengers on cruise ships. Applications such as video streaming, video calling, and big data transfer will require greater bandwidth and capacity than. In contrast, for more basic needs like sending and receiving emails or texting, smaller capacity plans can be enough for. Accurately estimating data usage needs will help ship owners or ship operators choose the most suitable service plan, avoiding bandwidth shortages or having to pay for unnecessary capacity. 

The type of operation of the ship is also an important factor to consider. Cargo ships, cruise ships, fishing vessels, yachts, and research vessels may have different internet connection requirements depending on the intended use and area of operation. Vessels operating in remote waters or on long routes may need a solution with greater global coverage and reliability. Meanwhile, vessels operating near shore can consider solutions such as 4G/5G cellular networks or Starlink Roam packages that cost less than. 

Budget is another important constraint to consider. The initial equipment cost and monthly service cost of the internet solution must be in line with the budget of the ship owner or ship operator. In addition, it is necessary to consider the total cost of ownership, including the cost of installation, maintenance, and possibly future upgrades. Comparing costs between different solutions for similar data usage will help make the most economical decision. 

In addition to the above key factors, there are a number of other factors that need to be considered when choosing an internet solution for ships. Connection reliability is an important factor, especially for ships where internet connectivity plays an important role in safety and operation. The availability and quality of technical support from the service provider should also be considered. Hardware requirements and installation procedures, including the complexity of the installation and the space requirements on board, are also factors to consider. The scalability of the service, i.e., the ability to increase or decrease the amount of data as demand changes, may also be important for some ships. Finally, connection latency can affect the performance of specific applications used on board, such as video calling or online gaming, and therefore should be considered depending on usage needs. 

9. Conclusions and Recommendations 

In conclusion, Starlink stands out as a promising satellite internet solution for ships thanks to its high speed and low latency, which offers superior performance compared to traditional solutions such as Inmarsat and VSAT. While Inmarsat offers proven global coverage and high reliability, its speeds can be limited, and the cost can be significant. VSAT, despite its wide coverage, usually comes with a higher cost and a greater latency of. 

Choosing the best internet solution for a particular ship depends on the balance between factors such as bandwidth and latency needs, coverage required, available budget, and the type of operation of the ship. Based on these factors, some general recommendations can be made: 

• For vessels with high bandwidth and low latency needs, such as cruise ships, research vessels, or vessels with a large number of users, Starlink may be the ideal choice, although the initial equipment cost may be higher. 

• For vessels where global coverage and reliability are top priorities, and high speed is not a key factor (e.g., some cargo ships, vessels operating in remote areas  ), Inmarsat remains a reliable choice. 

• Ships with large budgets and very high bandwidth needs in specific areas can consider VSAT, but the latency issue should be kept in mind. 

• For vessels that operate close to shore and only require basic internet connectivity, solutions such as 4G/5G cellular networks or Starlink Roam packages may be suitable at a lower cost. 

Ultimately, ship owners and operating companies should conduct a thorough assessment of their specific needs, compare different options in detail, and consider the total cost of ownership, including installation and maintenance costs, before making a final decision on the most suitable internet connectivity solution for their fleet. In some cases, testing the service before committing can be a helpful step. 

Smart Sea was synthesized with the support of AI Gemini 

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